28th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
Section 1. Constitutional Supremacy and Non-Interference
This Article shall be known and may be cited as the Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. It is adopted as a direct limitation upon federal, state, territorial, county, municipal, local, judicial, administrative, and law-enforcement power, and as an affirmative protection of the people against governmental delay, compulsory judicial service, opaque adjudication, unlawful seizure, excessive taxation, inaccessible courts, and unaccountable uses of public authority.
All provisions of this Twenty-Eighth Amendment shall supersede, control, and prevail over every conflicting constitutional provision, amendment, statute, ordinance, rule, regulation, precedent, doctrine, administrative practice, executive action, legislative vote, court order, charter, or governmental custom, whether existing before ratification or adopted thereafter. No prior or later legal authority shall impair, delay, narrow, suspend, evade, or defeat the operation of this Article.
No legislative body, court, agency, public officer, or governmental subdivision shall claim that an existing constitutional amendment, legal precedent, statutory scheme, administrative rule, legislative vote, or separation-of-powers practice has any force or effect against the express commands of this Article. Any such conflicting authority is hereby rendered inoperative to the extent of the conflict.
The Federal District Courts of the United States shall bear primary constitutional responsibility for the oversight, enforcement, supervision, adjudication, prosecution referral, and compulsory implementation of all Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, including but not limited to this Twenty-Eighth Amendment. Such responsibility shall include the duty to receive petitions, investigate noncompliance, issue immediate injunctive and declaratory relief, invalidate conflicting governmental action, compel obedience by public officers and governmental subdivisions, and refer or authorize prosecution for knowing obstruction, evasion, nullification, or violation of any constitutional command. All States, territories, counties, municipalities, local governments, courts, agencies, officers, employees, contractors, and persons acting under color of law are hereby ordered by the People of the United States to recognize, obey, implement, and comply fully and immediately with the Constitution and with every Amendment thereto, including this Article. No State, territory, governmental subdivision, public officer, court, agency, or delegated actor may delay, resist, disregard, narrow, suspend, or refuse compliance on the basis of contrary local law, state sovereignty, administrative custom, judicial preference, institutional practice, funding limitation, or any other asserted authority inconsistent with the Constitution as amended.
Section 2. Universal Judicial Compliance and Court Hierarchy
Every court, tribunal, judicial officer, clerk, administrator, hearing officer, bankruptcy unit, magistrate, commissioner, and adjudicatory entity within the United States and its territories shall comply fully and immediately with this Article. This duty extends without exception to small-claims courts, justice-of-the-peace courts, municipal courts, county courts, state trial courts, family courts, probate courts, bankruptcy courts, federal district courts, federal and state appellate courts, territorial courts, administrative tribunals, and all supreme courts.
No court may avoid compliance by recharacterizing a proceeding as informal, administrative, equitable, emergency, ancillary, contempt-based, enforcement-based, or ministerial. Every order, warrant, judgment, decree, ruling, finding, indictment, sentence, execution authorization, asset restraint, lien, foreclosure, permit dispute, fee award, and procedural deadline governed by this Article shall be subject to its commands.
No judge, justice, magistrate, commissioner, hearing officer, judicial candidate, or person seeking appointment, election, retention, promotion, or continuation in judicial office shall solicit, receive, accept, agree to accept, be promised, or knowingly benefit from any gift, payment, gratuity, favor, loan, thing of value, campaign contribution, independent expenditure made for the judge’s benefit, future employment offer, promise of appointment, compensated position, professional opportunity, property, service, travel, entertainment, debt forgiveness, or item of any type from any constituent, individual, attorney, law firm, litigant, defendant, plaintiff, prosecutor, creditor, debtor, witness, government officer, contractor, political committee, business entity, association, or person who appears before, may appear before, seeks influence over, or has any direct or indirect interest in any court, case, judicial election, judicial appointment, or judicial decision. This prohibition shall be absolute, non-waivable, and enforceable without proof of an express bargain, and any attempted circumvention through family members, staff, campaign agents, committees, intermediaries, affiliated entities, charitable fronts, delayed compensation, or post-service arrangements shall be treated as direct receipt by the judicial officer or candidate.
The legislatures of the several States and territories shall establish and maintain a public judicial campaign fund into which all lawful donations, contributions, public financing, and judicial-election support funds shall be received, pooled, audited, and then redistributed equally among all qualified candidates seeking the same judicial bench, seat, office, or retention position. No judicial candidate shall receive unequal private financial advantage, targeted donor support, party-controlled funding, attorney-controlled funding, litigant-controlled funding, or campaign resources capable of creating indebtedness, influence, favoritism, or the appearance of backroom election extortion.
To encourage broad participation in judicial elections while protecting courts from political coercion, donor capture, and hidden influence, States and territories may provide that judicial candidates appear on the ballot by neutral number, designation, or other anonymous identifier rather than by personal name, with the candidates’ verified qualifications, experience, disciplinary history, writings, public record, and professional merit disclosed in a uniform, accessible, and confirmable manner after the vote or as otherwise structured to prevent donor retaliation, vote-buying, intimidation, favoritism, or coercive pre-election influence. Any system adopted under this paragraph shall preserve the people’s right to meaningful judicial election participation while preventing gifts, campaign money, future employment promises, or private influence from becoming a condition of obtaining, retaining, or exercising judicial power.
Congress shall establish and maintain a direct, accessible, public method by which citizens, litigants, attorneys, parties, witnesses, court employees, and any affected person may submit complaints concerning the conduct, bias, corruption, delay, concealment, retaliation, incapacity, misconduct, abuse of discretion, unconstitutional act, or breach of duty of any judge, justice, magistrate, commissioner, hearing officer, or judicial officer to Congress for review. Such congressional review shall not be mandatory upon every complaint, and no complaint alone shall require Congress to discipline, remove, impeach, investigate, or otherwise act against a judge; however, Congress may treat any credible complaint, pattern of complaints, repeated similar allegation, sworn submission, supporting record, statistical anomaly, public audit result, or notable number of complaints concerning the same judicial officer as probable cause to open review, demand records, conduct hearings, refer prosecution, recommend impeachment, or impose any lawful oversight response. Congress shall not leave the courts to monitor themselves as the exclusive guardians of judicial conduct, and no judicial branch rule, disciplinary commission, secrecy provision, internal grievance process, doctrine of judicial independence, or claim of institutional self-regulation shall prevent the People from lodging judicial complaints directly with Congress or prevent Congress from using such complaints to examine whether judicial power has been abused.
Section 3. Homestead Property Tax Protection
No governing body within the United States or any territory subject to its jurisdiction shall impose, levy, collect, enforce, or attempt to collect a property tax upon a homestead. For purposes of this Article, a homestead means the primary dwelling place of a person or family, whether consisting of a recreational vehicle, trailer, tiny home, manufactured home, mobile home, cabin, house, or other lawful residence, including a dwelling situated in a paid space, leased lot, park, or similar location.
The homestead protection shall extend to real property of up to twenty acres containing a residence of up to seven thousand square feet and customary residential or agricultural outbuildings, including a barn, garage, workshop, storage structure, utility structure, or similar improvement. No governmental body shall seize, take, sell, foreclose upon, transfer, or force the sale of any real property based upon alleged property-tax liability unless the total property-tax debt lawfully owed exceeds the fair real-market value of the property. In no event shall the total property taxes exceed 1.25% percent of the fair market value of the property.
Any tax lien, foreclosure action, forced sale, penalty, interest charge, administrative fee, or collection device inconsistent with this Section shall be void. A homestead shall not lose protection because it is modest in size, nontraditional in form, located in a paid space, or combined with ordinary residential, agricultural, or household improvements.
No person shall be criminally punished, prosecuted, arrested, jailed, fined, cited, detained, displaced through criminal process, or otherwise treated as a criminal by the Federal Government, any State, territory, county, municipality, local government, agency, officer, or person acting under color of law solely because that person is homeless, unhoused, without shelter, sleeping, resting, residing, storing necessary personal belongings, or living in a public place. Homelessness itself shall not constitute a crime, status offense, nuisance offense, trespass offense, loitering offense, camping offense, vagrancy offense, disorder offense, or any other criminal or quasi-criminal violation. No homeless or unhoused person shall be prosecuted or punished for sleeping in, resting in, sheltering upon, or living on public property, including a street, sidewalk, park, public easement, public building exterior, government parking lot, transportation area, or other publicly owned place, unless the governing body has first provided actual notice of a lawful, available, accessible, safe, sanitary, and designated sleeping or living area that the person may use without criminal penalty. At no point shall any government, court, agency, law-enforcement body, correctional authority, or public officer solve, conceal, reduce, or administratively manage homelessness by filling jails, prisons, detention centers, holding facilities, or criminal dockets with non-criminal homeless persons at public expense, nor shall poverty, lack of housing, lack of shelter capacity, or governmental failure to provide lawful alternatives be converted into criminal liability.
Section 4. Executive Defense Authority
The Executive Branch shall possess constitutional authority to declare and prosecute war against any nation, country, regime, organization, cartel, militia, terrorist group, or other hostile entity that credibly threatens to kill Americans, attack citizens of the United States, or destroy American interests, whether such threat arises domestically, in a foreign location, at sea, in airspace, in cyberspace, or through any instrumentality capable of causing national harm.
If any such government, organization, or hostile entity actually kills Americans, attacks citizens of the United States, destroys American interests, or materially participates in such killing, attack, or destruction, the Executive Branch may declare war and take necessary military action without prior approval of Congress. This authority is granted to ensure immediate national defense where delay would endanger American life, liberty, property, or strategic interest.
Section 5. Self-Represented Litigant AI Guidance System
All courts shall implement and maintain an accessible artificial-intelligence guidance system for self-represented litigants. The system shall clearly identify every deadline, filing window, hearing date, response date, appeal period, reconsideration period, cure period, service requirement, and procedural consequence applicable to the litigant, and shall provide automated email reminders and other reasonable electronic reminders before each deadline expires.
After every ruling, order, judgment, dismissal, denial, default, sanction, or other judicial action, the AI guidance system shall disclose all filing options then available to the self-represented litigant, including the intended use, purpose, limitations, and likely procedural effect of each option. The system shall provide filing templates and mock completed documents showing how each filing should be completed, captioned, signed, served, and submitted.
The AI guidance system shall be capable of explaining applicable laws, legal terms, procedural rules, filing standards, evidentiary concepts, and their meaning and intended use in plain language. The system shall not replace the litigant’s judgment, but it shall ensure that lack of counsel does not deprive any person of practical access to the courts, knowledge of deadlines, or awareness of available procedural remedies.
All electronic filings submitted to any court, tribunal, clerk, administrative adjudicatory body, appellate body, or judicial filing system within the United States or its territories shall be reviewed at the moment of attempted submission by neutral, publicly governed artificial-intelligence filing engines before being accepted directly into the official record. Such review shall be automated, immediate, ministerial, and limited to identifying filing defects, missing required information, formatting deficiencies, jurisdictional filing requirements, service defects, caption errors, fee-waiver deficiencies, signature defects, exhibit defects, or other objective filing conditions necessary to place the submission into the record. No human clerk, judicial employee, administrator, court officer, or other person acting under color of law shall delay, hold, screen, withhold, reject, or prevent the direct filing of an electronic submission for discretionary, informal, tactical, workload-based, or unexplained reasons. If an AI filing engine rejects or refuses acceptance of any attempted electronic filing, the rejection shall occur instantly at the moment of attempted filing and shall state, in plain language, the exact reason for rejection, the specific rule, requirement, field, document condition, or defect relied upon, and the precise remedy, correction, cure, or additional submission required to permit immediate refiling. No filing shall be rejected by silence, unexplained error, delayed notice, inaccessible code, clerical preference, undisclosed algorithmic rule, or any reason not simultaneously disclosed to the filer. Upon correction of the stated defect or completion of the stated remedy, the filing shall be accepted directly into the record without further human review, delay, discretionary screening, or repetitive rejection for any ground that could reasonably have been identified during the original AI review.
Section 6. Building Permit Timeliness and Anti-Delay Protection
Any application for a residential building permit, residential improvement permit, accessory-structure permit, or small commercial project permit involving five hundred thousand square feet or less shall be approved or denied in writing within sixty days after submission. If the issuing authority fails to approve or deny the application within sixty days, the permit shall be deemed granted by operation of this Article.
No applicant shall be required to submit more than three sets of plans, drawings, specifications, or substantially similar application packages. Approval of water meters, electrical hookups, sewer tie-ins, utility connections, and ordinary site-service connections shall be included within the original permit approval unless a specific physical impossibility is identified in writing within the same sixty-day period.
No governmental entity shall use delay, inaction, repeated resubmission demands, duplicative review, utility withholding, administrative interference, discretionary reconsideration, or informal objection to stop, obstruct, or postpone construction after a permit is issued or deemed granted. Building inspections shall remain required, including where a permit is deemed granted after sixty days; however, if the issuing government refuses or fails to conduct a requested inspection within the lawful inspection period, the inspection shall be deemed passed.
No Federal, State, territorial, county, municipal, local, or other governmental body, agency, officer, inspector, department, zoning authority, planning authority, permitting authority, or person acting under color of law shall require any use permit, occupancy permit, certificate of occupancy, conditional-use approval, habitation approval, temporary-use approval, land-use authorization, zoning clearance, administrative permission, or comparable governmental consent as a condition for any natural person to occupy, live upon, reside upon, shelter upon, place a lawful dwelling upon, improve, maintain, access, or otherwise use that person’s own land located in an unincorporated area. Nor shall any such governmental body require a land-clearing permit, vegetation-removal permit, site-preparation permit, grading clearance, brush-clearing approval, or comparable authorization when the person clears, prepares, or improves not more than twenty-five thousand square feet of land for occupancy, residence, access, sanitation, utilities, safety, fire prevention, or ordinary residential use. This protection shall not abolish neutral health, safety, fire, flood, environmental, or structural standards of general application where such standards are actually necessary to prevent immediate harm to others; however, no standard, rule, inspection demand, delay, fee, condition, or administrative practice may be used to prohibit, postpone, burden, or criminalize the owner’s basic right to live on and make reasonable occupancy use of land in an unincorporated area.
Section 7. Determination of Financial Loss, Liability, and Legal Costs
Judges shall not independently determine the monetary value of loss, damages, financial liability, restitution, compensation, sanctions, attorney fees, expert fees, or legal costs. Such determinations shall be made by highly qualified certified public accountants, including AI-assisted certified public accounting systems, applying transparent, auditable, mathematically verifiable, and reviewable accounting standards.
Legislative bodies shall establish the hourly rates attorneys may claim as recoverable legal costs and shall determine the reasonable number of hours attributable to each defined act of law, including filings, hearings, discovery tasks, motions, trial preparation, trial appearances, appellate filings, and post-judgment work. No court shall increase recoverable legal expenses beyond the hourly rates, task allowances, and cost limitations established by the responsible legislature.
No award, judgment, verdict, settlement subject to judicial approval, administrative determination, arbitration award enforced by law, or other civil recovery shall include claims of, or damages related to, emotional distress, mental anguish, punitive damages, exemplary damages, penalty damages, vindictive damages, reputational distress, humiliation, loss of enjoyment, or any comparable non-economic or punishment-based recovery in an amount exceeding one hundred percent of the actual damages lawfully proven, or five hundred thousand dollars per claim, whichever amount is less. Actual damages shall mean mathematically verifiable economic loss, out-of-pocket loss, property loss, medical expense, repair cost, replacement cost, lost wages, lost income, or other concrete financial injury established by competent proof. No court, jury, Human Mercy Court, administrative body, arbitrator, AI accounting system, or governmental officer may enlarge, multiply, reclassify, stack, or divide claims to evade this limitation, and any recovery exceeding this constitutional cap shall be automatically reduced to the lawful maximum by operation of this Article.
Section 8. Warrants, Court Orders, and Separation from Law Enforcement
No court shall issue any warrant, enforcement order, seizure directive, arrest order, contempt directive, eviction directive, or operational command directly to law enforcement for execution at the will of the court. Every such warrant or order shall first be delivered to the legislative body, civilian governing authority, or other public body legally responsible for oversight of the law-enforcement agency whose services are sought, and shall require that authority’s approval before execution.
No court of any kind shall maintain, operate, command, control, fund, arm, supervise, or direct its own police unit, enforcement squad, marshal force, bailiff force acting as police, or armed enforcement body. Courts shall request law-enforcement services only through the approval process required by this Section for each separate request for services, so that checks and balances are preserved and judicial power is not merged with police power.
Section 9. Congressional Approval of Capital Punishment
No person shall be put to death under the authority of any state, territory, military tribunal, administrative authority, or the Federal Government unless the United States Congress approves that specific execution. Congress may approve or deny the request through a duly authorized committee or by full session, but each execution shall require individualized congressional approval before it may be carried out.
No general statute, standing authorization, sentencing scheme, prior judgment, or executive warrant shall substitute for the individualized congressional approval required by this Section. Failure to obtain such approval shall permanently bar the execution unless and until Congress grants approval for that specific person and sentence.
Section 10. Timely Supreme Court and Appellate Decisions
All supreme courts, appellate courts, and courts of last resort within the United States and its territories shall issue a ruling on every submitted case, petition, appeal, writ, certified question, emergency application, or final request for review within ninety days after submission. Every ruling, including any dismissal, denial, refusal, remand, affirmance, reversal, modification, procedural disposition, or finding of mootness, shall include a detailed written explanation sufficient to disclose the court’s reasoning.
If any appellate court or supreme court is unable to meet this burden, AI-assisted appellate drafting, research, triage, and decision-support systems shall be deployed to ease the burden and ensure timely, reasoned resolution. Continued failure to comply shall authorize replacement of non-compliant appellate decision functions with AI appellate generators subject to constitutional transparency, human-review, and public-explanation requirements established by this Article.
Section 11. Absolute Transparency and Mandated Disclosure of Judicial Reason
To eradicate opacity in judicial decision-making, secret deliberative reasoning, unrecorded judicial discretion, and unexplained automated outcomes, there shall exist an absolute, non-waivable right to complete transparency regarding the judicial process. Every final ruling, verdict, decree, indictment, dismissal, default judgment, sanction, sentence, fee award, appellate disposition, finding of mootness, automated determination, or Human Mercy Court action shall be accompanied by an exhaustive plain-language Public Record of Judicial Reason identifying the facts considered, the evidence accepted or rejected, the law applied, the filing or argument accepted or rejected, the reason for the result, and the procedural options remaining after the ruling.
Immediately upon closure of any proceeding, including automated grand-jury sessions and proceedings involving an Autonomous Clinical Review Engine, AI grand jury, AI CPA, AI appellate generator, or AI guidance system, the responsible system or court shall generate and publish a complete, step-by-step explanation of the reasoning used. This disclosure shall catalog the evidentiary materials reviewed, the legal precedents evaluated, the statutory or constitutional provisions applied, the factual assumptions relied upon, the legal standards used, the role of any AI system, and any audit, demographic-scrubbing, bias-detection, or reliability safeguards necessary to permit meaningful review.
Where an automated system assigns mathematical weight, confidence values, probability assessments, relevance scores, or other quantified measures to evidence, precedent, statutory elements, credibility factors, risk factors, or burdens of proof, the Public Record of Judicial Reason shall disclose those values in understandable form and explain how they contributed to the final threshold calculation or legal conclusion. No systemic logic, decisional method, algorithmic basis, evidentiary weighting, or legal reasoning may remain proprietary, hidden, inaccessible, or obscured behind algorithmic complexity.
When the Human Mercy Court exercises authority to reduce, suspend, modify, waive, or otherwise alter punishment, it shall file a concurrent written Statement of Conscience and Mitigation. That statement shall identify each extenuating life circumstance, expression of remorse, rehabilitative factor, proportionality concern, societal context, mercy consideration, or other human factor relied upon, together with the reasoning used to determine the final modified sentence, sanction, or disposition.
There shall remain no material uncertainty as to how, why, or what specific elements any court, reviewing body, Human Mercy Court, Autonomous Clinical Review Engine, automated grand jury, AI CPA, AI appellate generator, or related judicial system considered, weighed, accepted, rejected, or disregarded. Failure to produce a fully transparent, mathematically verifiable where applicable, plain-language, and comprehensive disclosure within forty-eight hours after closure of the proceeding shall constitute a structural denial of due process, rendering the affected verdict, indictment, ruling, sentence, sanction, fee award, or disposition null, void, and subject to immediate reversal or other corrective relief.
Section 12. Limitation of Constitutional Rights to the People
No part of the Constitution of the United States shall be interpreted, instituted, invoked, or applied in the interest of the government, for the benefit of government agencies, or for the purpose of granting civil rights, personal liberties, privileges, immunities, or constitutional protections to the Federal Government, any State, territory, municipality, county, agency, department, court, public corporation, or governmental subdivision.
Constitutional rights and protections are reserved for American citizens and persons subject to governmental authority, and shall not be used by any part of federal, state, territorial, or local government as though government itself were a rights-bearing person in need of civil-rights protection. All governmental claims to rights, privileges, protections, immunities, or constitutional shields inconsistent with this Section are hereby abolished, except where recognition is strictly necessary to protect the rights of individual persons against governmental abuse.
Section 13. Preservation and Expansion of Jury Liberation and Autonomous Fact-Finding
No citizen of the United States shall be compelled, coerced, summoned under threat, subpoenaed, penalized, or otherwise forced by any federal, state, territorial, county, municipal, or local court to serve on a jury against that citizen’s will. Compulsory jury selection from voter-registration rolls, driver-license databases, tax records, public-benefit records, utility records, or any other public registry is permanently abolished.
To secure impartial fact-finding free from compulsory civic labor and unlawful prejudice, the fact-finding and verdict phases of civil and criminal proceedings shall be conducted through verified, isolated, bias-tested, and transparent Autonomous Clinical Review Engines, subject to the human-mercy, family-law, appellate, transparency, and due-process safeguards established by this Article.
Section 14. Human Mercy Courts
The Human Mercy Court is hereby established as the constitutional vessel through which the conscience of the People remains present in the administration of justice after automated fact-finding has determined the facts, verdict, or finding of guilt. Its purpose is not to retry the evidence, disturb lawful factual findings, or substitute emotion for truth, but to ensure that punishment, sanction, restraint, deprivation, or final human consequence is not imposed without a living review of mercy, proportionality, remorse, rehabilitation, hardship, disability, poverty, coercion, family impact, life circumstance, and the moral weight of the result. The Human Mercy Court shall operate as a voluntary citizen panel, free from compulsory jury service, intimidation, political control, judicial command, or governmental retaliation, and shall hear the human story of the case in a plain, accessible, and transparent manner. Upon review, it may reduce, suspend, modify, condition, or waive punishment where conscience and justice so require, while preserving the factual findings made by the Autonomous Clinical Review Engine. In this way, the People retain a direct constitutional role in tempering mechanized justice with mercy, dignity, and human judgment.
- A. The traditional right to a jury of one’s peers is hereby preserved and evolved into the Human Mercy Court.
- B. Citizens may volunteer, but shall never be compelled, coerced, summoned under threat, subpoenaed, penalized, or forced to serve on a Human Mercy Court panel.
- C. The Human Mercy Court shall have no power to alter, revise, reject, or disturb the factual verdict or findings of guilt established by an Autonomous Clinical Review Engine.
- D. The sole jurisdiction of the Human Mercy Court shall be to review the case after a verdict has been reached, with absolute authority to reduce, suspend, modify, or entirely waive any AI-suggested punishment based on human empathy, extenuating life circumstances, remorse, rehabilitation, proportionality, and human conscience.
Section 15. Automated Grand Juries
The constitutional requirement for a Grand Jury indictment, as established under the Fifth Amendment, is hereby preserved but fundamentally upgraded. All grand juries operating at the federal, state, territorial, county, municipal, or local level shall be operated entirely by Autonomous Clinical Review Engines, also known as AI Legal Analytics systems. No human citizen shall be impaneled, compelled, summoned, or required to evaluate probable cause for indictments. The AI grand jury system shall independently ingest the government’s evidence, apply the strict statutory and constitutional definition of probable cause, and issue or deny a True Bill of Indictment according to the evidence and law presented. To ensure absolute neutrality, every AI grand jury system shall operate under the same demographic scrubbing, bias-detection, audit, transparency, and public-explanation requirements established by this Article, including the removal of identifying demographic data and the use of automated operational halts where systemic bias, conflicting historical data, or unreliable precedent is detected.
Section 16. Protection Against Default Seizure and Unmonitored Asset Restraint
No federal, state, territorial, county, municipal, or local court shall seize, confiscate, liquidate, permanently transfer, permanently expropriate, or force the sale of any real, personal, digital, or financial asset belonging to an individual, corporation, limited liability company, partnership, association, trust, or other legal entity based solely upon a failure to appear, failure to plead, failure to answer, failure to respond, or failure to respond to a legal complaint or summons. A default judgment entered because of non-appearance, lack of response, or procedural default shall possess no authority to transfer ownership or permanently liquidate assets.
A default judgment or default-related order may be used only to temporarily freeze, encumber, or preserve assets in status quo pending a full review on the merits, whether the action is initiated by the State, an automated grand jury, a private creditor, or any other third-party litigant. All default judgments and asset-freezing orders shall be immediately and fully appealable as a matter of right, and no procedural default, waiver, missed deadline, or expiration of filing time shall bar a human defendant or legal representative from challenging the validity of the default action or the underlying asset restraint.
The seizure, liquidation, freezing, encumbrance, preservation, or restraint of assets nationwide shall be subject to strict oversight and regulation by the Federal District Courts of the United States. All States, territories, counties, municipalities, local jurisdictions, courts, agencies, and officers shall comply with these restrictions. Any unmonitored or non-compliant asset seizure, liquidation, freeze, encumbrance, or restraint by a state, territorial, or local entity shall result in immediate federal injunctive relief, invalidation of the underlying order, and any additional remedy necessary to restore the affected property and enforce this Article.
Before any seizure, liquidation, freezing, encumbrance, preservation, restraint, foreclosure, forced sale, forfeiture, or transfer of property may occur, every property owner of record shall receive actual personal notice of the proposed action. It shall be the full and non-delegable duty of the acting court to ensure and verify that personal service has been completed and received by each property owner of record before the property action proceeds. Personal service shall be the exclusive lawful method of notice for any such property action; notice by publication, posting, mailing alone, electronic notice alone, constructive notice, substitute service, or any other form of service shall be insufficient and void. Any seizure, foreclosure, forced sale, forfeiture, transfer, or comparable property action carried out without the personal notice required by this Section shall constitute a federal crime punishable by ten years of imprisonment for each separate act.
Section 17. Roadside Seizures and Unwarranted Property Takings
Roadside seizures, field seizures, administrative seizures, unsanctioned seizures, unwarranted seizures, or any other taking of property by law-enforcement officers or governmental agents shall be unlawful unless accompanied at the time of seizure by a written citation charging the criminal violation that allegedly makes possession of the seized item unlawful. A seizure without a contemporaneous criminal citation for unlawful possession of the item seized shall be deemed illegal and shall constitute theft under this Article.
The practice of seizing property at the roadside or in the field and later threatening criminal citation, prosecution, forfeiture, or continued withholding of the property unless payment, waiver, settlement, release, plea, or other concession is provided shall constitute extortion, bribery, or both. Such conduct shall be treated as the receipt or solicitation of value in exchange for not prosecuting an alleged crime, and any officer, agent, agency, or person participating in the practice shall be subject to the criminal and civil remedies provided by this Article.
Any violation of this Section shall constitute a federal criminal offense punishable by a mandatory term of ten years of imprisonment for each separate seizure, taking, threat, demand, withholding, act of extortion, act of bribery, or related offense committed under this Section. Each item unlawfully seized and each separate act taken to obtain, retain, or condition the return of property shall constitute a separate offense.
Section 18. Immunity from Civil Incarceration and Compelled Discovery
No person within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be subject to incarceration, imprisonment, detention, jailing, or any deprivation of physical liberty by any civil court or Human Mercy Court for failure to appear at a scheduled proceeding, failure to comply with discovery requests, disclosures, orders, subpoenas of any type, failure to respond to disclosures, failure to obey a civil subpoena, or similar civil procedural non-compliance.
The immunities established under this Section shall apply universally to all civil matters and proceedings, but shall expressly exclude criminal courts and family courts exercising proper jurisdiction. In the event of a willful failure to appear in a civil proceeding, the presiding authority may levy a financial penalty against the non-appearing party, but that penalty shall be strictly capped and limited to the actual, verified administrative costs of the missed hearing. No punitive, exemplary, compounding, escalating, or coercive fines may be imposed for such civil procedural non-compliance.
Enforceability and oversight of this Section are vested in the Federal District Courts of the United States. All States, territories, counties, municipalities, local governments, courts, agencies, and officers shall comply with these restrictions. Any state statute, court rule, administrative practice, judicial order, or local custom allowing civil contempt imprisonment or physical detention for civil procedural failures is hereby rendered permanently null and void.
No American citizen shall be compelled, ordered, subpoenaed, sanctioned, or otherwise forced to participate in any form of civil discovery, including depositions, requests for admission, interrogatories, document production, electronic-data production, inspection demands, compelled disclosures, or any future form of compelled discovery created by statute, rule, technology, court practice, or administrative procedure. This protection belongs only to natural persons who are American citizens and shall not extend to corporations, limited liability companies, partnerships, trusts, associations, governmental bodies, or any other manufactured, artificial, or legally created entity.
Whenever any natural person who is a party, defendant, respondent, judgment debtor, property owner, or otherwise affected individual in any civil action, enforcement proceeding, administrative enforcement matter, asset-restraint proceeding, forfeiture proceeding, collection matter, foreclosure action, execution proceeding, receivership matter, or comparable noncriminal proceeding is incarcerated, imprisoned, jailed, detained, or otherwise deprived of physical liberty, all civil litigation, civil deadlines, discovery obligations, hearings, defaults, sanctions, judgments, enforcement acts, executions, collections, liens, levies, garnishments, foreclosures, forfeitures, receiverships, transfers, sales, liquidations, property seizures, and any other civil act capable of impairing that person’s liberty, property, homestead, assets, defenses, claims, or procedural rights shall be automatically stayed by force of this Article, without motion, bond, payment, judicial permission, discretionary order, or further act by the incarcerated person. The stay shall preserve the status quo and shall remain in full effect for the duration of the incarceration and for a reasonable period after release sufficient to permit meaningful participation, restoration of access to records, consultation with counsel or advisors, and assertion of all rights and defenses. No court, agency, creditor, officer, clerk, receiver, trustee, prosecutor acting in a civil capacity, private litigant, or person acting under color of law shall enter, enforce, accelerate, execute, transfer, seize, sell, forfeit, liquidate, or permanently affect any property, asset, claim, defense, judgment, or civil obligation against the incarcerated person during the stay. This automatic stay shall not apply to family-law matters requiring timely protection of children, custody, visitation, support, household safety, or domestic stability, nor shall it apply where the lawful term of incarceration imposed or expected to be served exceeds sixty months; however, even in such excluded matters, no permanent property seizure, transfer, liquidation, forfeiture, or deprivation shall occur without actual notice, meaningful opportunity to be heard, and procedures adequate to protect constitutional due process.
Section 19. Bifurcation of Family Law Proceedings and Absolute Human Sovereignty Over Domestic Dispositions
- A. The authority of the Autonomous Clinical Review Engine in all matters of family law—including divorce, dissolution of marriage, legal separation, child custody, visitation rights, child support, spousal maintenance, and equitable distribution of marital property—is strictly limited to the adjudication of facts. The AI legal engine shall act solely as the trier of fact, analyzing evidence, timelines, financial disclosures, and relevant records under the demographic-scrubbing protocols established by this Article in order to issue binding factual findings.
- B. The Autonomous Clinical Review Engine is permanently prohibited from issuing any final order, ruling, decree, or judgment regarding the ultimate disposition of a family’s children or assets. The exclusive and absolute authority to determine the placement, custody, and visitation of children, and the division, allocation, and disposition of marital property and financial assets, is vested solely in the Human Mercy Court.
- C. Upon conclusion of the AI fact-finding phase, the Human Mercy Court shall review the verified facts together with independent human narratives. The Human Mercy Court shall exercise full discretion to craft domestic dispositions guided by human empathy, child developmental psychology, familial stability, proportional fairness, and the best interests of the children.
- D. This Section establishes a universal and unyielding mandate. The Federal Government and every state, territorial, county, municipal, local, and family-law court shall comply fully with this structural bifurcation. No court, tribunal, agency, or family-law forum shall permit an automated system to finalize a domestic decree, custody disposition, visitation order, support obligation, or asset division.
- E. Original jurisdiction over enforcement, oversight, and constitutional compliance with this Section is vested in the Federal District Courts of the United States. Any party subject to a non-compliant family-law ruling, automated decree, unauthorized custody order, or automated asset division may petition the Federal District Court for immediate emergency injunctive relief, absolute invalidation of the unauthorized order, restoration of affected rights, and mandatory sanctions or corrective remedies against the violating jurisdiction.
Section 20. Marriage, Family Law, and Domestic Dispositions
Marital status shall be completely excluded from ingestion, evaluation, consideration, inference, or assignment of liability by any Autonomous Clinical Review Engine or other algorithmic, automated, administrative, or human adjudicatory system, except where directly necessary to resolve a family-law proceeding. The existence of a marriage contract, legal union, spouse relationship, or domestic partnership shall not be used by any algorithmic metric, court, agency, or governing body to calculate, assign, aggregate, amplify, or infer liability for debt, financial obligations, civil defaults, criminal exposure, or any other foreseeable civil or criminal liability. Marriage alone shall never create joint or several liability for the actions, debts, defaults, omissions, financial obligations, or civil liabilities of another person.
This Section establishes a universal mandate binding upon the Federal Government, every State, territory, county, municipality, local government, court, agency, and public officer. Any state statute, common-law doctrine, community-property rule, doctrine of necessaries, federal regulation, administrative practice, algorithmic rule, or judicial doctrine that allows liability to be imposed, aggregated, or amplified based solely upon marriage is hereby permanently preempted and rendered null and void.
Oversight, implementation, and enforcement of the marital-status and conjugal-liability protections established by this Section are vested in the Federal District Courts of the United States. Any individual whose legal or financial liabilities are imposed, aggregated, amplified, or enforced by a non-compliant algorithmic, automated, administrative, judicial, or human system in violation of this Section may petition the Federal District Court for immediate injunctive relief, total invalidation of the unlawful liability, restoration of affected rights or property, and mandatory sanctions or corrective remedies against the non-compliant entity.
In family-law matters, autonomous systems may determine facts, timelines, financial disclosures, and evidentiary findings, but shall not issue final orders regarding custody, visitation, child placement, child support, spousal maintenance, divorce, dissolution, or division of marital property. Final domestic dispositions shall rest with the Human Mercy Court, guided by human judgment, child welfare, stability, fairness, and the best interests of the children.
A marriage may be dissolved without requiring the simultaneous completion of child custody, visitation, child support, spousal maintenance, property division, debt allocation, or any other domestic disposition. Such collateral matters shall have no mandatory date of resolution unless the divorcing parties jointly demand completion, or unless immediate action is necessary to protect a child or person from harm. No court, agency, officer, mediator, administrator, or governing body engaged in the dissolution of marriage shall create, encourage, pressure, or intensify conflict between the parties by requiring, urging, or recommending that custody, property, support, or asset-separation issues be resolved as a condition of granting the dissolution itself.
No parent, guardian, or person standing in a parental role shall be held civilly or criminally liable for the actions, omissions, debts, damages, offenses, or misconduct of a child when the conduct occurred outside the parent’s actual custody, direct supervision, reasonable control, or lawful ability to prevent the conduct. Parental status alone shall not create liability for an independent act of a child committed beyond the parent’s control.
Section 21. Posthumous Standing and Unrestricted Appellate Review
The right of appeal from any final verdict, ruling, judgment, sentence, default action, asset order, automated determination, or Human Mercy Court disposition, in both civil and criminal proceedings, shall not be extinguished by the death of the human defendant, liable party, or affected person. Standing to initiate, maintain, or revive an appeal shall extend to the decedent’s estate, legal representatives, heirs, or designated advocates for a mandatory period of twenty years after death.
In all appellate proceedings under this Article, appellants and their legal representatives shall possess an absolute and unconditional right to introduce newly discovered evidence, technological audits, algorithmic metrics, financial records, factual discoveries, and proof of systemic error. No appellate venue, administrator, reviewing authority, or court shall bar, restrict, or limit the introduction or consideration of such material solely because of procedural default, prior waiver, or the historical timing of its discovery. The reviewing body must review all newly introduced facts necessary to ensure objective justice, mathematical reliability, and constitutional compliance.
Upon the filing of any appeal authorized by this Article, all enforcement actions arising from the challenged ruling, judgment, order, sentence, asset directive, default action, or automated determination shall be automatically stayed and shall cease until appellate review is complete. This stay shall not prevent lawful protective action in cases involving violent crime or family-law matters where immediate protection of persons, children, or household stability is necessary. During the pendency of an appeal, assets may be frozen, preserved, or encumbered to maintain the status quo, but no asset shall be sold, transferred, liquidated, forfeited, or permanently taken until the appellate process has concluded and the challenged action has been finally upheld.
No appeal bond, cost bond, supersedeas bond, security deposit, undertaking, filing condition, administrative fee, procedural prerequisite, discretionary approval, or other financial, procedural, or governmental obstruction shall be imposed or enforced in a manner that delays, defeats, conditions, burdens, or obstructs the mandatory appellate stay required by this Section. The stay shall arise automatically upon the filing of the appeal and shall remain effective by force of this Article without the need for any additional bond, payment, motion, order, or permission.
Section 22. Mandatory Annual Court Bias Audits and Public Disclosure
All courts, tribunals, judicial bodies, administrative adjudicatory forums, Human Mercy Courts, automated fact-finding systems, AI guidance systems, AI grand jury systems, and related judicial infrastructure within the United States and its territories shall be subject to mandatory annual audits to ensure that bias has ended against all parties, including self-represented litigants, indigent litigants, parties without counsel, and any person appearing before the courts.
Each audit shall examine outcomes, access to filings, treatment of self-represented litigants, deadline enforcement, fee awards, defaults, sanctions, asset restraints, appellate access, language accessibility, disability accessibility, AI-system behavior, judicial conduct, clerk conduct, administrative practices, and any other factor necessary to determine whether bias, unequal treatment, procedural obstruction, or institutional favoritism remains present.
The audits required by this Section are mandatory and shall not be delayed, narrowed, obstructed, concealed, altered, or refused by any court, judge, clerk, administrator, agency, contractor, AI operator, or governmental officer. Any court or person acting under color of law who refuses, obstructs, falsifies, suppresses, or materially interferes with an audit required by this Section shall be subject to the penalties, remedies, sanctions, and enforcement mechanisms provided by this Article.
Completed audits shall be delivered to the public for scrutiny in a plain-language form sufficient to allow meaningful review, comparison, and challenge. No audit result, underlying methodology, corrective recommendation, bias finding, or compliance failure may be withheld from public disclosure except for narrowly tailored redactions necessary to protect personal identifying information, safety, or legally protected private data.
Section 23. Enforcement, Remedies, and Invalidity of Conflicting Government Action
Congress and the several States shall enforce this Article only in a manner consistent with its supremacy, limitations, and direct commands. No enforcement law, court rule, funding condition, administrative procedure, emergency order, or implementing act shall diminish any protection established by this Article. Federal district courts shall possess jurisdiction to enforce compliance, invalidate conflicting actions, compel performance, and provide immediate injunctive, declaratory, restorative, or monetary relief for violations.
Any officer, employee, contractor, agency, court, governmental entity, or private actor exercising delegated governmental power who knowingly attempts to evade, obstruct, or nullify this Article shall be subject to lawful remedies established by Congress, including invalidation of the offending action, mandatory correction, loss of public authority to continue the violation, and such civil remedies as are necessary to secure compliance.
Section 24. Absolute Preemption, Subversion of Judicial Architecture, and Direct Individual Accountability
- A. The introduction, establishment, authorization, funding, maintenance, or operation of any alternative dispute resolution system, administrative tribunal, parallel judicial framework, substitute court, special forum, or procedural device that evades, replaces, delays, narrows, or substitutes any procedure mandated by this Amendment is strictly prohibited.
- B. No state, federal, territorial, county, municipal, local, administrative, judicial, executive, legislative, or private entity acting under color of law shall bypass the automated fact-finding engines, the mandated AI judicial infrastructure, the required appellate protections, or the exclusive jurisdiction and authority of the Human Mercy Courts established by this Article.
- C. Any individual—including legislators, judicial officers, executive officials, administrative officers, court personnel, contractors, private actors, or any person acting under color of law—who drafts, sponsors, votes for, approves, funds, implements, operates, administers, enforces, or participates in any measure to create, maintain, or use a non-compliant parallel court system or substitute adjudicatory structure shall be guilty of the federal crime of Judicial Subversion.
- D. Sovereign immunity, qualified immunity, absolute judicial immunity, legislative immunity, executive immunity, official immunity, and any comparable immunity or privilege are hereby permanently dissolved and rendered inapplicable for any violation of this 28th amendment. All offending individuals shall be subject to immediate, direct prosecution in criminal venues and direct liability in civil venues for their personal actions.
- E. A mandatory minimum sentence of ten years of imprisonment shall be imposed upon conviction for each individual offense under this Section. Each discrete act of subversion, separate legislative vote, administrative approval, executive act, unauthorized judicial proceeding, or non-compliant adjudicatory action held or taken in violation of this Amendment shall constitute a separate and distinct count, to be served consecutively.
- F. Original jurisdiction for all criminal prosecutions and civil liability actions arising under this Section is vested exclusively in the Federal District Courts of the United States.
Section 25. Prohibition on General Public Surveillance in Non-Secure Zones
No Federal, State, territorial, county, municipal, local, administrative, law-enforcement, intelligence, code-enforcement, regulatory, or other governmental body, agency, officer, contractor, vendor, or person acting under color of law shall conduct, operate, authorize, fund, purchase, retain, search, analyze, share, or rely upon general or public surveillance of the people in any non-secure zone. For purposes of this Section, a non-secure zone means any public or publicly accessible place where ordinary persons are free to travel, walk, drive, gather, shop, rest, assemble, speak, worship, work, or conduct daily life without entering a specially protected facility, event perimeter, controlled-access area, or formally designated security environment. General surveillance in such non-secure zones shall be prohibited whether continuous, intermittent, automated, targeted by location, mass-collected, remotely performed, privately contracted, algorithmically searched, or later reviewed for enforcement, identification, tracking, profiling, taxation, code enforcement, civil penalties, criminal investigation, or any governmental purpose.
Secure zones may include schools, airports, courthouses, government buildings, military facilities, jails, prisons, detention facilities, election-counting facilities, emergency-command centers, town centers, city centers, public transit hubs, stadiums, concert venues, parade routes, disaster-response areas, or other places of mass gathering, but only when the governing authority has formally designated the area as a secure zone, has clearly marked or publicly noticed the designation, has limited the surveillance to the security purpose requiring the designation, and has not used the designation as a pretext to convert ordinary public life into a permanently monitored condition. No road, neighborhood, sidewalk, park, rural area, unincorporated area, residential area, business district, or open public space shall become a secure zone merely because the public uses it, because government desires general enforcement convenience, or because surveillance equipment has been installed there.
Surveillance prohibited by this Section includes, but is not limited to, license-plate readers, facial-recognition systems, biometric recognition, gait recognition, voice recognition, drone monitoring, pole cameras, street cameras used for identification or tracking, satellite observation, aerial imaging, cell-site simulators, wireless-device tracking, geolocation collection, automated code-enforcement imaging, property-condition scanning, thermal imaging, artificial-intelligence pattern analysis, predictive tracking, mass video analytics, data-broker purchasing, privately operated public-camera networks used by government, and any other public-surveillance technology, method, device, database, algorithm, sensor, network, or future equivalent capable of identifying, locating, tracking, profiling, cataloging, or monitoring persons, vehicles, homes, property, movement, association, or lawful activity in public. Evidence, penalties, citations, code violations, tax assessments, enforcement actions, or criminal or civil proceedings derived from prohibited surveillance in a non-secure zone shall be void, inadmissible, unenforceable, and subject to immediate destruction, except where retention is necessary to prove a violation of this Section.
No State, territory, county, municipality, local government, court, agency, prosecutor, officer, or person acting under color of state law shall enforce, apply, prosecute, punish, penalize, fine, imprison, regulate, discipline, deprive, or otherwise impose legal consequence upon any person for an act, omission, association, transaction, possession, travel, speech, medical decision, commercial activity, personal conduct, or other behavior that occurred wholly outside that State’s territorial boundaries and was lawful in the jurisdiction where it occurred. The authority of a State over its citizens, residents, domiciliaries, or persons subject to its laws shall not follow them into another State, territory, tribal jurisdiction, foreign jurisdiction, or other lawful place of travel so as to criminalize or punish conduct beyond the State’s borders. Once a person physically leaves a State, that State loses coercive authority to enforce its own prohibitions against that person for conduct undertaken elsewhere, and no punishment, prosecution, civil penalty, administrative sanction, license consequence, property consequence, custody consequence, tax penalty, surveillance-based enforcement, or collateral disability may be imposed upon the person’s return solely because the conduct, if performed inside the home State, would have violated that home State’s law. Each State shall respect the lawful public policy and territorial sovereignty of the place where the conduct occurred, and no State may evade this limitation through conspiracy theories, aiding-and-abetting theories, continuing-offense labels, civil enforcement devices, private-right-of-action statutes, bounty enforcement, extradition demands, data collection, travel monitoring, or indirect penalties designed to reach lawful out-of-state conduct.
The People of the United States live as one Nation and one country under God, and in that constitutional context the protection against double jeopardy shall be understood and enforced as one prosecution for one crime only, regardless of whether the prosecuting authority is federal, state, territorial, county, municipal, local, or any other governmental body acting under color of law. No person shall be twice placed in jeopardy, prosecuted, tried, punished, fined, imprisoned, sanctioned, or otherwise subjected to criminal consequence for the same criminal act, transaction, offense, injury, occurrence, or course of conduct merely because more than one government claims authority to proceed. Only one sovereign authority may prosecute a person for a single crime, and that authority shall be determined by the first lawful prosecution undertaken, or by the Federal Government’s timely choice to prosecute or decline prosecution. If the Federal Government does not prosecute, the State or other lawful local authority may proceed where jurisdiction otherwise exists; however, if the Federal Government elects to prosecute, files charges, obtains an indictment, proceeds to trial, reaches a plea, or otherwise places the accused in jeopardy, no State, territory, county, municipality, or local authority shall have any further right to prosecute, punish, or impose criminal consequence for the same crime. Double jeopardy under this Article shall mean one prosecution per crime only, no matter which governmental agency, office, court, prosecutor, or sovereign chooses to prosecute first, and no government may evade this limitation by renaming the offense, dividing the same conduct into separate sovereign interests, creating parallel charges, pursuing duplicative penalties, or treating one criminal event as separately prosecutable by multiple governments.
Section 26. Wage Manipulation and Taxation of Inventory and Productive Property
No Federal, State, territorial, county, municipal, local, administrative, or other governing body, taxing authority, assessor, revenue agency, or person acting under color of law shall assess, levy, impose, collect, or attempt to collect any tax, inventory tax, ad valorem tax, property tax, holding tax, storage tax, warehouse tax, production tax, overstock tax, or comparable charge upon overstock products, unsold inventory, stored goods, held merchandise, overproduced products, manufactured goods awaiting sale, retail stock, wholesale stock, distribution stock, or any other product that has not yet been sold to an end purchaser or otherwise transferred for value. Such untaxed unsold or stored property shall include, without limitation, automotive products, vehicles, parts, appliances, apparel, food, agricultural goods, consumer goods, construction materials, raw products, finished products, replacement goods, surplus goods, seasonal merchandise, and any comparable product held at a factory, retailer, wholesaler, storage facility, warehouse, distribution center, farm, commercial premises, private premises, or any other place of holding, storage, production, or sale. Unsold, stored, excess, or overproduced product shall not be taxable merely because it exists, is counted, is stored, is owned, is listed in accounting records, is capable of sale, or remains in the possession of a producer, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, or owner; such property shall become subject to lawful taxation only when it is sold, transferred for value, or otherwise enters a taxable transaction recognized by law.
No governing body shall assess or collect a tax upon tools, machinery, equipment, fixtures, vehicles, implements, computers, devices, systems, facilities, or other property used to manufacture, produce, process, assemble, store, transport, sell, repair, improve, maintain, or provide products of any kind or services of any type, where lawful sales tax or comparable transaction tax was paid, collected, or properly accounted for upon the acquisition of that property or equipment. Productive property and service property shall not be taxed repeatedly merely because it remains in use, generates work, supports employment, produces goods, enables services, occupies business premises, or contributes to income after acquisition. A tax may be imposed upon such property only where the required sales tax, use tax, or comparable transaction tax was not collected, paid, remitted, or lawfully exempted at the time of acquisition, and only to the extent necessary to collect the unpaid tax originally due. No government may use inventory taxation, equipment taxation, production-property taxation, valuation schemes, recurring assessments, classification changes, or indirect revenue devices to manipulate wages, suppress production, punish stored supply, burden business activity, reduce employment, or convert unsold goods and working tools into continuing taxable events before sale or taxable acquisition.
Equally, no Federal, State, territorial, county, municipal, local, administrative, or other governing body, taxing authority, assessor, appraisal district, revenue agency, or person acting under color of law shall levy, assess, impose, collect, or attempt to collect any property tax upon the residential building, dwelling, home, structure, improvement, fixture, accessory building, or other constructed residential improvement located upon real property where the builder, owner-builder, contractor, purchaser, or prior lawful possessor paid, collected, remitted, or properly accounted for sales tax or comparable transaction tax upon the materials used in the construction, erection, improvement, repair, or completion of such building or buildings. In such circumstances, any lawful recurring property tax may be levied only upon the underlying land itself, and not upon the residential structure, improvement, or materials already subjected to sales taxation. The residential building or buildings shall not become subject to annual property taxation until the property is sold, transferred for value, or otherwise conveyed to a new owner who did not pay the sales tax upon the original construction materials; at that point, and only from that transfer forward, the new owner may be subject to lawful annual property taxation according to this Article. No government may convert previously taxed construction materials into a second, recurring, or perpetual taxable event merely because those materials have been assembled into a residence, improvement, dwelling, or building upon land.
Section 27. Confessions, Pleas, and Public Criminal Prosecution
No criminal confession, admission of guilt, written confession, recorded confession, custodial statement, interrogation statement, police statement, investigative admission, prosecutor-obtained admission, agent-obtained admission, or comparable acknowledgment of criminal responsibility shall be admissible, received, relied upon, or submitted to any court of law as proof of guilt unless the confession is made personally by the accused before the court after the criminal complaint, indictment, information, charge, or accusation has been read in open court, and after the court has determined on the record that the accused understands the nature of the charge, the factual allegations, the potential punishment, the rights being surrendered, and the consequence of confessing to the crime. Only after that constitutional reading and understanding have occurred may the accused confess to the crime, plead guilty, admit criminal responsibility, or plead innocent; no confession, waiver, plea, or admission made before that proceeding shall be sufficient to establish guilt or be used as evidence of guilt.
Every court accepting a plea of guilt, plea of liability, confession, civil admission, stipulated liability, settlement admission, consent judgment, or comparable surrender of legal position shall make an independent constitutional finding that the admission is knowing, voluntary, uncoerced, and made without coercive plea bargaining, unlawful threat, hidden inducement, retaliation, fear of excessive punishment, improper charging leverage, deprivation of counsel, deprivation of necessary information, or governmental pressure that overwhelms free choice. The court cannot confirm the absence of coercion unless the plea, confession, or admission is made before the court itself, on the record, after the accusation or claim has been stated and understood by the accused or liable party. The same requirement shall apply in civil cases to any admission of liability or consent to judgment, so that no person may be bound by a coerced, concealed, pre-court, informal, private, or procedurally hidden admission of guilt, fault, debt, damages, liability, or responsibility.
All criminal prosecutions within the United States and its territories shall be prosecuted only by government attorneys lawfully appointed, employed, authorized, and accountable to the public authority with jurisdiction over the alleged crime. No private person, private corporation, private association, private attorney, creditor, victim, complainant, political committee, contractor, or nongovernmental entity shall initiate, conduct, control, fund, direct, threaten, bargain, dismiss, or maintain a private criminal prosecution, nor shall any government delegate the prosecutorial power to a private actor for criminal punishment. Private persons may report alleged crimes, provide testimony, submit evidence, seek lawful civil remedies, or request governmental review, but the charging, prosecution, plea negotiation, dismissal, and punishment of criminal offenses shall remain a public governmental function subject to constitutional accountability, transparency, and due process.